김성기

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 1-49, 1991

양정일

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 51-73, 1991

이용연

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 75-125, 1991

김한배 Hanbai Kim

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 127-155, 1991

The improvement of financial independence is essential in local self-government. And to enhance the rate of independance, two levels of adjustment have to be done. They are horizontal adjustment and vertical adjustment. This article shows how the central government can do a proper role and establish some policies to improve local self-government`s financial conditions and the rate of financial independance in two levels mentioned above. First, central government have to deal, at some length, with the adjustment of horizontal or regional differentiations. When the economic growth was the single most important issue in national development, the theory of unbalanced growth dominated the field. As a result, the differentiations between urban areas and rural ones, and among regions have grown deeper and wider. By the 1980s, it became a critical social and political issues, particularly having to do, with the maldistribution of wealth, resources, and opportunity. In order to adjust the gap, the central government can take some strategies of giving grants to local government. There are two ways of using grants. One is general grants, which are appropriated to the local government`s own use, the other is specific grants which are appropriated to the local government`s specific expenditures. The using of specific grants which are close ended and unconditional, has a possibility of bad effects in dealing with the adjustment of regional differentiations. So, the general grants, which have no special limits of usage, are most desirable policy in balancing regional gaps. Second, it is possible to think about transferring the locations of enterprise head-quarter from Seoul to related regions. Even though the main effect of transferring is tax-incomes, it has side-effects of solving many problems that resulted from extreme urbanization and suburbanization, especially in capital areas. Third, the horizontal adjustment have to be followed by the vertical adjustment. In doing so, redistribution of tax between national and local level is necessarily considered. And furthermore, new sources of tax must be detected and developed. Finally, the adoption of public debt at local base can be introduced more widely, and managed more efficiently. And it must have an close relations to the national planning such as the capital improvement program.

박경춘 Kyung Chun Park

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 159-212, 1991

The welfare administration is the one that guarantees all national people`s rights to live worthy of men concretely, and becomes an object of common interest in all countries of the world. I checked a historical change process of welfare administration in our country. The welfare administration in the traditional society is to do their best to aid disasters by recognizing that the natural disasters or the artificial disasters are God`s punishment to the state or the administrator, in the Three Kingdom Period is to execute a charitable work of the beneficiary, in the Korea Dynasty is to emphasize a farm encouragement policy based on a political theory of Confucianism and to execute a price stabilization policy and a settlement work through Eui-chang and Sang-pyung-chang, and in the Lee Dynsaty is that the settlement work according to the natural disasters was executed as a national duty; King`s responsibility, based on the Confucious kingship. The welfare administration in the modern society was executed by a political purpose of the Japan and the U. S. A., and in under the rule of Japanese imperialism, it was a beneficial administration for the pauper aid that was an after urgent countermeasure toward the natural disasters. And in the American military administration period, it was emphasized on a supply of meals, housing, and medicine to the refugees from the North after 8. 15 Liberation, the sufferers from the abroad, and the paupers and the unemployed persons by the war disaster. In the period of government establishment, it was emphasized only on an urgent aid to the reliefs by the Korean War and executed the welfare administration for the refugees` settlement by organizing the Central Aid Committee commonly with the UN Civil Assistance Command. And the welfare administration in modern meaning is in an early stage compared to that of the developed countries, because the welfare aspect was nearly disregarded during last 30 years from 1960s due to an economic growth though some kinds of system was legistrated. In order to solve a conflict among the nations and to deal with an explosive demand of welfare in nowadays, an authentic improvement method for the welfare administration should be requested. First, the current complexive laws related with the welfare should be improved, a plural administration system make unitary or a method for an area establishment should be promoted in order to be an organic assistance system with the administration. Second, the organization of local welfare administration should be rationalized, the man power should be specialized, and the responsibility limit between the state and the local area should be controlled and a special members for the welfare administration should be supplemented in order to correspond to the localization period. Third, the balancing industrialization between the areas should be promoted. Fourth, the fair balancing distribution should be accomplished. Fifth, the object of welfare administration should be all national people. Sixth, the welfare administration should be the one that can maintain the national people`s health and the minimum standard of living. Seventh, the establishment of "Welfare Tax" can be requested as a method of finance supply for the welfare administration. Eighth, the traditional family system should be preserved, and should be expanded more. Even in the developed countries where they make an utopis of the earth, an objective welfare level is high, but a level of happiness is low rather because a rate of divorce and sucide becomes high due to an abuse of family system. In conclusion, the administration function in nowadays leads all policy decisions and take part in the national people`s private lives. So the welfare administration should be executed by the government and a study on the welfare administration should be activited more and more.

이정용 Jeong Yong Yi

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 213-258, 1991

In our country, local autonomy is subject to powerful control of central government while administrative control of inhabitants is feeble with alienated relationship owing to their subordinative relation as a heritages of centralized kingdom system, colonial administration and authoritarian bureaucracy. Since the power distributive method in the country is also comprehensive and uniform, local autonomies have centralized predominant characters. Advanced democratic civil consciousness of the people, however, is now requesting local autonomies to strengthen inhabitants` control against administration so that wind up authoritarian cultures, magnify the opportunities of peoples political participation and have authorities to confront more agilely for peoples needs. In order to appropriate for such national request and the situation of the time, I researched out new access for power distributive method and as it is including various methods applicated in every states of America into a single autonomy low, it is suggested as following proposals. First, thus the clauses that the scopes of the autonomies, differencies between inhabitants` administrative needs and abilities or peculiarities of autonomies are not taken in to consideration to be applied uniformly throughout the country should be adopted in general .charter system form as is practicing now. Second, regional matters such as the one can be committed to self-determination of each autonomy should be entrusted so as to stipulate them in autonomy regulation. It is desirable to have much of clauses such as home rule charters system like this. Third, rational matters applicable optionally according to characters of local autonomies should be specified in some alternative proposals which can be chosen by autonomies acts and applied in optional charter system form so that autonomies can choose one out of them freely. Fourth, certain criteria and scopes should be decided at National Assembly and specified them in fundamental autonomy low and then apply negotiation system so as to have each local autonomy be able to decide it freely at its` option within the scopes. It is desirable that power distributive method of such compounded patterns to have much clauses involving home rule charter system, optional charter system and negotiation system. Even power distribution pattern like this take into account of Korean actualities, it seems to be the one which can make the mast of regional characters, magnify the opportunities of peoples political participation and strengthen inhabitants control against administration. It would be better to have affirmative, progressive and successive studies.

김인용 In Ryong Kim , 박준섭 Joon Sup Park

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 259-276, 1991

Die Wirtschafts und die Sozialpolitik stehen zu dem entwicklungspolitischen Ziel teilweise in einem harmonischen als auch teilweise in einem antinomischen Verhaltnis. Einkommensteilen, die ohne das System sozialer Sicherung den Beitragspflichtigen bzw. Steuerzahlern verbleiben wurden, werden durch das System auf die Leistungsempfanger umgeleitet. Diese Einkommensubertragung auf Grund sozialer Sicherung fuhrt tendenziell zu einer Einkommensumverteilung, die Konsum und Ersparnisse der einzelnen Wirtschaftssubjekte beeinfluβt. Allgemein durfte folgendes zu vermuten sein: Entsprechend ergeben sich eine starke Abnahme der privaten Sparkapitalbildung und eine kraftige Zunahme des Konsums einbezogen werden, die Leistungen hoch sind und zur Deckung der Ausgaben fur die soziale Sicherung eine starke Einkommensumverteilung vorgenommen wird. In Korea sind heute genau diese Zusammenhange zu beobachten. Die politische und soziale Lage ist sehr labil. Allerdings muβte damit eine Anhebung des Leistungsniveaus verbunden sein. Das Konnte zwar gagebenenfall zu hoheren Beitragen fuhren, ware letzlich aber im volkswirtschaftlichen Sinn vorteilhaft, weil dadurch eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Umverteilung bewirkt wurde. Diese Umverteilung wurde den Lebensstandard anheben und die Binnennachfrage starken. Eine wirtschaftliche Entwicklung wurde somit beglinstigt.

오세윤 Sae Yoon Oh

DOI: Vol.1(No.0) 277-325, 1991

The Government, in the business regulation, should set up regulation standard which could be applied all the business in a certain industry. Regulation mechanism in many countries has been broadly used to control the negative externalities from the business operation. Regulation standard setting process in every democratic nations is a bargaining and coordinating process among such special interest organizations as producers group, consumer groups, regulators, and other concerning groups. In the regulation standard setting process like other political process, every participant group tries to reflect its interest on standard. They use their bargaining power to put more effect on it. The bargaining power is made up with the concerning information, interest, and the organizing capacity of its members. The content of this thesis as follows. Section I : Introduction. Section II : Examines information. Major information sources are indusstry, consumers groups, specialist and universities, and officers of competent government organization. Industry has good information, wants to keep it to itself, and tries to use it for bargaining with government. Consumers usually do not have information and have bias adverse to industry. Professors usually have general data based on official publications. They have to refer to the industry if they want to take information specified business affairs. And the government officials do not have proper data on business that they try to regulate. This situation compels regulators to coordinate among the participants in the process. Section III : Analyses interest of the actors of the regulation standard setting process. Bargaining power would not be strong, if there were no any group`s anticipating interest from the standard setting process. Private interest makes the actors more powerful than the public interests. Section IV : Examines the organizing power of a group members for lobying supply of quasi-public goods. Organizing power grows as the number of the group members becomes less, but it dwindles as the number of the group members grows. Getting together above three variables, bargaining power can be expressed like this : bargaining power = information X (multiplication) X interest X organizing power. As the regulation standard is an output of political process expressed by the terms regulation standard setting process, taking politics into account for understanding real world is necessary. Eventually important is major two variables, bargaining power and politics. Ordinary time bargaining power explains most of the standard setting process. In crisis the bargaining power cannot explain the process, rather politics does the most of the process, Politics has been analyzed in Section V. Government agencies, as regulators and supervisory agencies, compete against each other for their own interest. For testing the hypotheses, this paper used the ``beef tallow case`` in Korea from July 1983 to December 1989. While testing the hypotheses, some problems in administering regulatory policies could be found. The Food and Hygiene Review Committee, advisory committee of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, has some problems such as ① too many members are there, ② most of the members are professors and researchers but not from business.